Welcome to Our Store!!!!!! You are bidding on the: For your consideration is a Lovely, Vintage England (A.D.1152 and 1212) Historical Documents- Medieval Latin- Stephen, John, King of England -Vintage 1800’s early- Reproduction Paper/Print. (3 item’s set). They are as follows: 1. Main Copy Paper/print. Size: 11 x 17-1/2 inches. 2. Printed Copy Paper from Medieval Latin. Size: 11 x 17-1/2 inches. 3. Carton Folder. Folder size: 12 x 18 inches. Historical Document- Homage with An argument with Pope -Medieval Latin, John King of England (A.D.1212). Homage in the Middle Ages was the ceremony in which a feudal tenant or vassal pledged reverence and submission to his feudal lord, receiving in exchange the symbolic title to his new position (investiture). It was a symbolic acknowledgement to the lord that the vassal was, literally, his man (homme). The oath known as "fealty" implied lesser obligations than did "homage". Further, one could swear "fealty" to many different overlords with respect to different land holdings, but "homage" could only be performed to a single liege, as one could not be "his man", i.e., committed to military service, to more than one "liege lord". John, King of England John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre),[1] was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. Following the battle of Bouvines, John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom. John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200. When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John's judicial reforms had a lasting impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year. Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general".[2] Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty.[3] These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends. 1199 John accedes to the throne on the death of his brother, Richard I. 1204 England loses most of its possessions in France. 1205 John refuses to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury 1208 Pope Innocent III issues an Interdict against England, banning all church services except baptisms and funerals 1209 Pope Innocent III excommunicates John for his confiscation of ecclesiastical property 1209 Cambridge University founded 1212 Innocent III declares that John is no longer the rightful King 1213 John submits to the Pope’s demands and accepts the authority of the Pope 1214 Philip Augustus of France defeats the English at the Battle of Bouvines 1215 Beginning of the Barons' war. The English Barons march to London to demand rights which they lay down in the Magna Carta. 1215 John meets the English barons at Runnymede, agrees to their demands, and seals the Magna Carta which set limits on the powers of the monarch, lays out the feudal obligations of the barons, confirms the liberties of the Church, and grants rights to all freemen of the realm and their heirs for ever. It is the first written constitution. 1215 The Pope decrees that John need not adhere to the Magna Carta, and civil war breaks out 1216 The barons seek French aid in their fight against John. Prince Louis of France lands in England and captures the Tower of London 1216 John flees North and loses his war chest of cash and jewels in the Wash estuary 1216 John dies of a fever at Newark and is buried Worcester Cathedral Paper for several pardons with Henry Leading to Norman actions-1152. King Stephen has never been acknowledged as one of England's most appealing kings. He usurped the throne from his cousin, Maud, after swearing an oath to support her, and was ineffectual in his rule. This lead to a period of anarchy in England as the barons reigned over their land as they pleased,wreaking havoc and causing pain to many. 1150s in England Incumbents Monarch - Stephen (to 25 October 1154), Henry II Events 1150 Henry, son of Empress Matilda, becomes Duke of Normandy.[1] The Anarchy: Worcester sacked.[1] 1151 Henry pays homage to Louis VII of France, and cedes Vexin to France.[1] 1152 18 May - Henry marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, and claims rule over Aquitaine.[1] The Anarchy: King Stephen besieges the last opposition stronghold, at Wallingford.[1] The Anarchy: Roger de Berkeley is dispossessed of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire for withholding his allegiance from the Plantagenets and the Lordship of Berkeley is granted to Robert Fitzharding, founder of the Berkeley family which will still hold the castle in the 21st century. 1153 January - The Anarchy: Henry, Count of Anjou, arrives in England in a campaign against King Stephen in favour of his mother Empress Mathilda.[2] 17 August - The Anarchy: Following the death of Eustace IV of Boulogne, the Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, mediates between Stephen and Henry.[1] 7 November - The Anarchy: Henry and Stephen seal the Treaty of Wallingford in Winchester Cathedral, ending the civil war.[2] 1154 25 October - King Stephen dies and is succeeded by Henry II, the first Plantagenet king of England.[2] 4 December - Pope Adrian IV elected, the only English Pope.[2] 19 December - Coronation of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine at Westminster Abbey.[1] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle completed.[2] Henry of Huntingdon completes his Historia Anglorum.[1] 1155 January - Henry II appoints Thomas Becket as Lord Chancellor.[2] Henry defeats rebellious barons, reclaims many royal castles, and abolishes the Earldoms of York and Hereford.[1] Pope Adrian IV issues the papal bull Laudabiliter giving Henry II lordship over Ireland.[1] Wace's Roman de Brut, an Anglo-Norman language semi-legendary history of Britain in verse, is completed. 1156 5 February - Henry pays homage to Louis VII of France to secure his titles over Normandy, Aquitaine, and Anjou.[1] Henry suppresses a revolt by his brother Geoffrey in Anjou, and grants him the title Count of Nantes in return for securing peace.[1] 1157 May - Henry II demands the return of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland from Malcolm IV of Scotland;[2] in return Malcolm is given the title Earl of Huntingdon.[1] Summer - Henry II launches a campaign for overlordship of Wales.[3] July - Owain Gwynedd submits to Henry and pays homage.[1] Henry II grants special trading privileges to the Hansa merchants of Cologne.[2] 1158 Summer - Henry II leaves for Normandy; he does not return to England until 1163.[3] August - Henry agrees a treaty with Louis VII of France; Henry's son Henry the Young King to marry Louis' daughter Marguerite, in return for control of parts of Vexin.[1] Conan IV, Duke of Brittany pays homage to Henry II.[1] 1159 Henry besieges Toulouse to claim it as part of Aquitaine, but is forced to abandon the campaign.[1] John of Salisbury completes his works Metalogicon and Polycraticus.[1] Good Condition: The pages are beginning to darken, age toned; there are some spotting, age wear and tears. Please Note: This Paper/print is NOT in NEAR MINT or EXCELLENT Condition, but still is in Used Good condition for an age from early 1800’s! –RARE, Collectible item! Cosmetic condition is as clearly and accurately shown in the high-definition pictures provided. Please inspect all of them carefully!!!!! Nice and Rare piece for World History lovers!! This Paper/print would be a great addition to any collection. Pictures in the listings has been taken by Sony HD Digital Camera and are of the actual item for sale. We don’t copy any other Pictures or use Stock images. USA SHIPPING: We box/package protectively – Ship Priority Mail/Insured within Continental USA. We accept PayPal ONLY WITH CONFIRMED SHIPPING ADDRESS; INT’L SHIPPING: We box/package protectively for safe world-wide shipping. We accept PayPal ONLY WITH EXPRESS MAIL FULLY INSURED or PRIORITY MAIL FULLY INSURED. International Buyers are responsible for their country’s Customs Fees. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED!!! 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